The use of power supplies in harsh, remote environments brings with it many fundamental design issues that must be fully understood if long-term reliability is to be attained. For designers of communications equipment downtime is not an option. Both revenues and safety can be compromised under such circumstances.
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Published: Jul 23, 2018
Two methods can be used to re-design loop-gain digitally for the power supply converters: digital redesign method and direct digital design method. In the digital redesign method, the controller is designed in the continuous-time domain, and then discretized into the discrete-time form.
In the direct digital design...
Published: Jul 23, 2018
With the recent rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), 14 billion devices are now connected. However, the growth of this is also significant, by 2020 it is predicted that over 50 billion devices will be connected. With these devices connected, systems are opened up for remote access and control. In turn, this has shown...
Published: Jul 19, 2018
5G is not just an incremental improvement over 4G - it's the next major evolution of mobile communication technology with performance improvements of an order of magnitude over today's networks. 5G does not simply replace 4G, it will importantly enable a wider diversity of tasks that 4G is unable to perform and...
Published: Oct 15, 2019
Flash memory is commonly used to store firmware in embedded systems. Occasionally, the firmware stored in the Flash memory in some systems is accidentally corrupted, preventing the system from booting up after power-on. Flash corruption is commonly associated with a software bug. However, it is also commonly understood...
Published: Jul 19, 2018
Multi-hop mesh protocols, such as Zigbee® , are getting a lot of press for their ability to link together low data-rate Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications. Zigbee, in particular, is targeting itself as the standard bearer for wireless, low-power meshing protocols. Many of the features of a Zigbee solution touch...
Published: Jul 23, 2018
As the world continues to get smaller, and millions of pounds of chemical products are shipped between countries daily, a Global Harmonized System (GHS) is being implemented to aid in the communication of hazards and risks. The UN Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED) met in 1992 and decided that global...
Published: Jul 17, 2018
While every business strives to ensure uptime and availability for customers, operators within the utilities space have additional regulatory and monitoring requirements that must be adhered to as well. For both financial and safety reasons, utility companies are building high-availability smart sites to help minimize...
Published: Jul 19, 2018
For those following the development of 5G, it might be easy to say 5G development is over. For those following the marketing of various telecom companies, it might be easy to say 5G is already here. In reality, that is partially true. Yes, 3GPP Release 15 is complete. And yes, this release contains pieces...
Published: Nov 04, 2019
Unfortunately, due to inverters, actuators, semiconductor switches, relays and other electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources within vehicles, BMS are immersed in an electrically noisy environment that requires data communication links to have isolation and EMI suppression that can provide sufficient noise rejection....
Published: Jul 17, 2018
When transitioning from a traditional phone network to a voice over IP (VoIP) network, it is essential to recognize a key difference between the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the private data network that will be called upon to take its place.
The PSTN is connected to a massive battery array that allows...
Published: Jul 25, 2018
Consumer appetite for high-speed mobile devices and services shows no sign of slowing. Smart phones and tablet computers are flying off retail shelves around the world, promising consumers high-speed data services.
The International Telecommunications Union reports that mobile broadband subscriptions reached 1.2 billion...
Published: Jul 26, 2018
Modern power distribution systems often contain multiple power sources integrated within one system. A simple variant may be the common double-ended substation, which can be further complicated by additional emergency or alternate sources. This presents significant complexity to the designer attempting to design a protection...
Published: Jul 24, 2018
VDSL (very-high-speed digital subscriber line) technology is similar to the well-known ADSL, and facilitates the delivery of information at speeds of up to 52 Mb/s. Standard VDSL deployment uses a frequency spectrum up to 12 MHz, whereas VDSL2 allows for up to 30 MHz as an option.
The capabilities of VDSL are...
Published: Jul 23, 2018